One Flesh Essay Example

One Flesh Essay Elizabeth Jennings has produced this poem with an extraordinarily deep meaning that has seldom been seen in other poems of this genre. The poem in itself is pessimistic while the message is the exact opposite. The first thing that I wish to discuss is the sole title of this poem. It is of great significance because it can be related to several times within the poem. One Flesh is biblical and it is meant to say that when a man (or woman) marries, he or she becomes one with the other. In actual fact this poem can be compared to William Shakespeares 116th sonnet. Before we actually commence with the poem there are a few facts about Elizabeth that we should include as they may be useful later on when interpreting this poem. Elizabeth was a well-educated woman who was born in 1926 and died just three years ago. She worked in publishing and as a librarian. Most of her poems were based on spiritual and emotional topics and they were often quite person as is One Flesh. Her poems included suf fering, relationships, loneliness and religious faith. This is highly peculiar because One Flesh has every single one of those characteristics. Our first concern before explaining the actual meaning of the poem is the diction used. We can clearly observe that it is simple. This could be linked to the way in which Elizabeth has decided to demonstrate a very boring lifestyle. This will help her bring her point across to the reader as she shares this universal feeling. She has also used a special tone that has been used to fortify her point of view. The tone she uses changes during the stanzas. Most of the time she uses a sad and pessimistic tone but at times she has changed it to a slightly more optimistic and joyful one. Jennings has also used several metaphors and similes. Some phrases in this poem are a little complicated to figure out as they may have more than one explanation. This could be compared to Elizabeths parents, who are also complicated for she does not realize why the passion and craze has vanished during all these years. She doesnt know exactly why this has happened. She is trying to explain it to herself but of course she does not dismiss the fact that she could be wrong. Her parents could be interpreted differently by different people. Same with her phrases; everyone can have a different interpretation. We will write a custom essay sample on One Flesh specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on One Flesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on One Flesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As we have mentioned, several phrases in this poem may have numerous explanations. Taking the first line as an example: Lying apart now, each in a separate bed, The word now brings us to the present straight away. Since they are lying apart it means that they used to have a relationship and now this relationship has deteriorated. each in a separate bed, this can give an image of two coffins in which their passion and relationship has been buried and forgotten. It gives an image of death which is extremely negative and pessimistic. He with a book, keeping the light on late, This singles out the man, who, as it appears, is extremely bored and not interested in anything new or very exciting. He is also keeping the light on late which creates the image of him doing something against the wishes of his wife. Since the word late has been used it must refer to the wife because nobody really can say an exact time definition for late. It shows that he no longer cares about her as he used to in the past and that he is more concerned about himself than he is for her. When one is reading a book, one tends to be cut off from a conversation as they are trying to concentrate on reading and understanding. So therefore this book that he is holding is actually acting as a barrier for any conversation with his wife. It is preventing them from speaking. It is like a Do not disturb sign which he has hung up cutting himself from any uncomfortable conversations. This is extremely selfish because it proves that he wants to annoy his wife by keeping the light on late and at the same time he is not open to any complaints or conversations that may reveal that there is something wrong. This has actually successfully managed to deceive as since further on in the poem we discover that this is not so. We can already see that not every interpretation is correct and that we can completely grab the wrong end of the stick which will lead us to false conclusions. She like a girl dreaming of childhood Now our attention has been transferred to the woman and we are expecting to see her point of view. The simile She like a girl makes her sound totally opposite to her husband. It also gives us the image that her body has aged while her mind has stayed at the tender age of sixteen. The word girl is used to describe her mother as weak, vulnerable, fresh, innocent and energetic. These two lines balance two opposite ideas. This happens often within this poem. It can also be referred to as sexist but in a very peculiar way because Elizabeth does not blame a certain person but both of them and explains how their sexes separate their ways of thinking and therefore separate them spiritually. And yet further on in the poem we find out, once again that this is also incorrect and that they have both been thinking of very similar things. This contradicts the statement that this poem was made sexist. This is one of many deceiving characteristics of this poem. On face value, it is sexist and yet when we dig in deeper we actually witness that it is the exact opposite. She is also dreaming. This word can be defined as something more powerful than wanting, wishing or desiring. She dreams of herself being a child again so that she can live through that passion and love that she once felt one more time. She wishes that this had never died out between her and her husband and that it still lived on just as strongly as when they were in their twenties perhaps. All men elsewhere it is as if they wait Some new event: She is thinking about the other men she could have had. This is one of the interpretations for this statement which contains a lot of significance for it also contributes to the character of the mother. It is ironic because she does not realize that if she had chosen another man, she would be in the same situation. The problem is not the partner you have chosen but how you feel about passion and romance thirty-forty years down the line. She is blaming her husband for not being what he was so many years back which is very wrong since she holds just as much of the blame as he does. There is a dash in the middle of the line allowing the reader to pause and think about these words. Jennings is therefore placing a lot of emphasis on this because it describes her mother just as she described her father in the second line. it is as if they wait some new event Jennings is strongly criticizing her parents for not doing anything about th is. They both know what is happening and neither of them has the courage to speak up and fix their problems. There is not physical barrier which is preventing them from feeling this passion once again. If both of them feel sixteen, then they are sixteen. No matter how old they look, as long as it is in their minds any physical barrier can be conquered. This is why she is criticizing them. It is as if they are waiting for something to happen for them to go back to that stage again. They are too lazy to try and do it themselves. It is as if they are waiting for God to make them happy again. But God will not do this. He does not interfere with peoples lives in this way. He knows very well that they can do this themselves. It is as if they are waiting at the station for a train that never comes in. They are simply existing instead of living their lives. That is one of the biggest crimes you can do to yourself. This is an enjambment which gives the reader an air of importance to these fe w words because they are what Jennings uses as criticism against her parents. The colon in the middle of the line means that an explanation will follow. the book he holds unread. This proves to us that the man has not given up hope just yet. His mind is still fighting it even if he is concealing it. The reason why he is hiding it is perhaps because he feels men should not be having these thoughts. He is also dreaming of passion, romance and excitement. He is not happy with the boring life they now lead. He is also remembering the good old times. But like a true man, he will not reveal his feelings. From the tone we can establish that Jennings is blaming him greatly for being so closed up. This is the irony. They are both thinking of the same thing and yet they lack the communication which could save their lives from freezing up completely. Her eyes fixed on the shadows overhead. Here we must look at the diction which is used. The word shadows refers to darkness and hopelessness. Her eyes fixed this gives us the image of death. When people die, one of the very first signs of death is the fact that their eyes do not move. This creates an image of death and despair. Elizabeth is saying as if maybe it is too late. They have already accepted it and are ready to die. Jennings is extremely sad. She does not wish to lose her parents. As I have mentioned above, this poem can be compared to Shakespeares 116th sonnet in which love and time are included. Loves not Times foollove alters not with the brief hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom: This is exactly what Elizabeth Jennings is trying to say. Love stays there forever until the edge of doom. It is only the passion that ha escaped the souls of these two lovers. In the second stanza Elizabeth explains why she is criticizing them so. Tossed up like flotsam from a former passion, She mocks her parents by comparing them to wreckage as if passion was a giant wave which has crashed upon their souls and left this: two old lovers who lie in separate beds and can only imagine and remember. It is said that memory can hurt people, especially when memories come haunt us years later. I believe Jennings is trying to tell us just how much these two are suffering. Elizabeth has also used an image of death in this stanza, as in the previous one. How cool the y lie. This is to signify the death of their passion and relationship. They hardly ever touch, One interpretation of this could be the lack of attention and tenderness that they share. However, this does not include the fact that they never touch which gives us some hope and also leaves us wondering what happens when they do touch. This of course is explained in the following enjambment. The simile Or if they do it is like a confession has several interpretations. I believe that Elizabeth is telling us that whenever they touch, they feel something which allows them to read each others thoughts. They know what the other is thinking and yet they leave it at that. They take no action. They both realize that they still love each other and this is all they need to live on. However, this line runs on to say Of having little feeling this is a negative image showing us that maybe everything is hopeless and there is really no passion left within them. Nothing could be done and this is what t hey are confessing to each other. There is a dramatic pause because of a dash in the middle of the line. This separates the two different opinions that Elizabeth has about what happens when they touch. This is another example of balancing opposite ideas. or too much. This is an antithesis proving to us that they do have all this passion still stored up there in their sixteen year-old minds. This passion is so great that they themselves are far too afraid to release it. This is the reason why Elizabeth Jennings is criticizing her parents. She knows they still have it but they do not use it. Chastity faces them, a destination For which their whole lives were a preparation. The word chastity defines innocence, ignorance, loyalty, purity and is also linked to the bible just like the title. This is what they are living for and this is where their lives are going to end up. Since there is no passion in their lives anymore, they are simply living in order to get ready to die without having done anything worthwhile. This is the third enjambment in this poem and it is used yet again as a criticism of her parents because they are simply just standing there and doing nothing. The beginning of the third stanza connects with the title One flesh. It is yet another antithesis Strangely apart, yet strangely close together, there is a caesura in the middle of the line separating the two opposite ideas. Jennings has also used a sibilance, repetition of thes sound, with the words strangely, strangely and silence. This adds to the gentle tone of the poet. Another peculiar point is that the poet uses the word strange as if it is unusual for them to be apart or close together. It connects to the title because they are not meant to be apart since when they were married according to the bible they joined bodies and became one. Therefore they cannot be apart. But we know very well that they are distant within their minds. Silence between them like a thread to hold And not wind in This simile conveys perhaps the most meaning from any other quotes in this poem. It gives us the image of two old people, like her mother and father, holding on to a fragile piece of thread wh ich can break off at any instant. These two people know that if they wind the thread up it will eventually break. This will end any connection that these two share and still keeps them together. They are afraid that if they speak this thread will snap because they will have wound it up too much. This is considered as a pessimistic metaphor. The next few words are actually optimistic for a change if interpreted in this way. It is yet another metaphor And time itselfs a feather touching them gently. This is putting forward a message of gentle and slow passing of time as one can imagine a feather falling down very gradually. It is as if time is not that great an obstacle for them as they make it seem. The feather is personified and it touches them like time with little or no effect whatsoever. Another interpretation to this is that time passes by so slowly for them because life is really boring and there is nothing exciting taking place. If their lives were full of passion once again time would pass by not just fast but too fast even. Do they know they are old, A rhetorical question stating that perhaps because they are still sixteen in their minds they have not realized the fact that age has caught up to them. Yet again we have the image of their bodies getting old while their minds remain younger than always. These two i s a controversy to the title because they have now become two instead of one. It is the opposite of the bibles teachings. who are my father and mother Elizabeth Jennings tells us this for the first time in this poem that they are related and this explains why she has been so concerned about these two people. Whose fire from which I came, has now grown cold? This is a very significant ending. The message here closes the curtains on the entire poem. Elizabeth uses a caesura to balance opposite ideas and create drama, she uses powerful diction, and she uses images of passion and death and ends with a rhetorical question. All in all: a very powerful ending. The fire, of course, refers to the passion they once had and which created the poet. now grown cold is the image of death linked to the present tense. It is more of a statement than a question and yet she made it into a question so that we, the readers, can meditate on why we think this fire has grown cold. Jennings forces us to agree with her and think that this is a very strange occurrence that one would not have expected. This poem is full of messages about passion and age, how they are only connected physically and not mentally, how two people who were once one have been separated because their minds have began to accept that their bodies are growing too old for further passion. Elizabeth Jennings described her parents with a vast amount of feeling of sympathy and criticism.

Free Essays on The Death Penalty †True Cause For Justice

The death penalty, as administered by states based on their individual laws, is considered capital punishment, the purpose of which is to penalize criminals convicted of murder or other heinous crimes (Fabian). The death penalty issue has been the focus of much controversy in recent years, even though capital punishment has been a part of our country’s history since the beginning. Crimes in colonial times, such as murder and theft of livestock were dealt with swiftly and decisively (â€Å"The Death Penalty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Criminals were hanged shortly after their trial, in public executions. This practice was then considered just punishment for those crimes. Recently though, the focus of the death penalty debate has been on moral and legal issues. The murderers of today’s society can be assured of a much longer life even after conviction, with the constraints of the appeals process slowing the implementation of their death sentence. In most cases, the appeal proc ess lasts several years, during which time criminals enjoy comfortable lives. They have television, gym facilities, and the leisure time to attend free college-level classes that most American citizens must struggle to afford. Foremost, these murderers have the luxury of time, something their victims ran out of the moment their paths crossed. It is time this country realized the only true justice for these criminals is in the form of the death penalty. The death penalty should be administered for particularly heinous crimes. Opponents of capital punishment are outspoken and vehement in their arguments. They believe the death penalty does not does not deter crime. They also hold the opinion that ending the life of a murderer is cruel and unusual punishment, prohibited in their literal interpretation of the 8th Amendment of the United States Constitution (Bedau). Conversely, one of the main arguments for the death penalty is that it does deter crime. U. S. Depar... Free Essays on The Death Penalty – True Cause For Justice Free Essays on The Death Penalty – True Cause For Justice The death penalty, as administered by states based on their individual laws, is considered capital punishment, the purpose of which is to penalize criminals convicted of murder or other heinous crimes (Fabian). The death penalty issue has been the focus of much controversy in recent years, even though capital punishment has been a part of our country’s history since the beginning. Crimes in colonial times, such as murder and theft of livestock were dealt with swiftly and decisively (â€Å"The Death Penalty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Criminals were hanged shortly after their trial, in public executions. This practice was then considered just punishment for those crimes. Recently though, the focus of the death penalty debate has been on moral and legal issues. The murderers of today’s society can be assured of a much longer life even after conviction, with the constraints of the appeals process slowing the implementation of their death sentence. In most cases, the appeal proc ess lasts several years, during which time criminals enjoy comfortable lives. They have television, gym facilities, and the leisure time to attend free college-level classes that most American citizens must struggle to afford. Foremost, these murderers have the luxury of time, something their victims ran out of the moment their paths crossed. It is time this country realized the only true justice for these criminals is in the form of the death penalty. The death penalty should be administered for particularly heinous crimes. Opponents of capital punishment are outspoken and vehement in their arguments. They believe the death penalty does not does not deter crime. They also hold the opinion that ending the life of a murderer is cruel and unusual punishment, prohibited in their literal interpretation of the 8th Amendment of the United States Constitution (Bedau). Conversely, one of the main arguments for the death penalty is that it does deter crime. U. S. Depar...

Chris Paul From CoSchedule

Customer Experience Is The New Brand W/ Chris Paul From How often do you think about customer experience? Marketers put tons of time and energy into creating a brand to communicate a value proposition that makes people feel a certain way about their company. But good marketers know that it’s not about brand, but brand perception developed through conversations and interactions with customers. Today, we’re talking to Chris Paul, head of customer experience at . He describes how different departments and employees at a company can work together to make sure they are on the same page when it comes to the company’s brand and adding value to customer experience. Learn about your brand from both customers and co-workers All products, services, and solutions evolve over time; so do customers’ needs and demands Consider product market fit and then pivot and make changes when necessary Dawn of a new era where customers are not afraid to tell you what they think Know customers’ experiences and expectations to create a  positive experience Help customers grow and be successful by orchestrating value and addressing their pain points/problems How to identify existing and future stakeholders Offer customers on-demand support via various channels, including social media Delegate and streamline support requests to effectively respond to customers Improve customer experience by aligning and collaborating with departments and teams, don’t silo them Links: Write a review on iTunes and send a screenshot of it to receive a cool swag bag! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes: â€Å"Product market fit will always, always change.† Chris Paul â€Å"People don’t trust brands anymore. They trust their peers or customers or reviews.† Eric Piela â€Å"What’s the experience the customer is expecting?† Chris Paul The customer is dictating the channel theyd like to communicate with and so were absolutely fine by that. Chris Paul

NURSING Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NURSING - Personal Statement Example Concurrently, from a reflective stance, I realized that nursing is a career with vast opportunities for growth. As people get older, there would always be a need to address various ailments through their lifetime. As such, one could never be bored in this profession as it is seen to pose varied challenges through meeting diverse people with unique and distinct health conditions; yet, it also provides opportunities for personal fulfillment and uplifting rewards. The graduate specialty track that I have selected is the Dual Family Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Public Health Nursing Program. I have always had the interest to gain specialization in the provision of primary care services, not only to individuals; but more so, to family members, and even local community residents within a defined population. I am interested to pursue higher education in this field to gain advanced theoretical frameworks on the provision and delivery of holistic care to a wider range of clientele. Through research in the online medium on this field of specialization, I strongly believe that by pursuing advanced courses and modules through the program, I would be accorded with the opportunity to develop the skills required for addressing health care issues within the community level that requires services such as addressing chronic illness, educating members on preventive care, as well as effectively focusing on interventions for acute care, as needed. A situation that could be remembered regarding taking a leadership role was when I was elected the leader of a group in terms of complying with an academic project. As the leader, I assumed a proactive stance at discerning the need to delegate tasks; effectively identify the roles and responsibilities of each of the member according to their competencies and skills; as well as regularly monitoring the performance of each member to ensure that tasks were appropriately accomplished according to schedule. Through

What Spiritual Issues Surrounding A Disaster Can Arise For Essay

What Spiritual Issues Surrounding A Disaster Can Arise For Individuals, Communities, And Health Care Providers - Essay Example It has been observed that due to particular disaster people primarily get emotionally affected. The approach of disaster management most of the time, fails to assist people in overcoming the losses including emotional trauma and other kinds of emotional distress due to high level of disaster (Act alliances, n.d). In this context, people need the support of spiritual care to overcome the aftereffects of any particular disaster. It has been observed that during any particular disaster, several communities of people and diverse cross sectional individual are seeking the assistance of spiritual care. It will be worth mentioning that these faith based organizations are showing an additional contribution towards providing spiritual care to those people who are in need of the same. Spirituality also refers to the aspect where one individual requires support of extra ordinary human care. Spirituality is believed to help people in ensuring early recovery from any kind of mental trauma (National Disaster Interfaith Network, n.d.).

The existence of culture bound syndrome

The existence of culture bound syndrome This essay will explore whether culture bound syndrome exist or not. First, the essay will first define what culture bound syndromes are and how they are categorised. Then this is followed by a discussion of arguments supporting the existence of CBS and arguments challenging their existence. Introduction Most mental health disorders are based on the Western scientific model of medicine. It is assumed that mental health disorders stem from a biological basis and that they are found in all cultures. The view that mental health problems are culture free is a universalist perspective. However a universalist perspective ignores the role of culture on mental health. Ignoring the role of culture can lead to misdiagnosis and lack of understanding about mental health problems in general. Definition Classification systems like the DSM IV ( Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental health disorders)are a diagnostic tool for psychiatrists. The current DSM is the DSM IV, where Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) has been designed for use across clinical settings (inpatient, outpatient, partial hospital, consultation-liaison, clinic, private practice, and primary care), with community populations. It can be used by a wide range of health and mental health professionals. The current edition of the DSM has made modest attempts to include mental health disorders from other cultures in order to address cultural issues. These are known as culture-bound syndromes and are defined as; Culture Bound syndromes are a culturally relative approach to mental health disorders in which specific symptom are unique to that particular culture. recurrent, locality-specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic category. Many of these patterns are indigenously considered to be illnesses, or at least afflictions, and most have local names The word culture refers to the beliefs, norms and also values that govern the way people that are within a defined group such as a certain society or nation that interact with each other and these must be in a standard of acceptable behaviours and thoughts and each new member of the society has to learn these beliefs and understandings. This links to culture bound syndromes since as mentioned before, Culture bound syndromes are syndromes in which are very unique to a certain culture only which would mean that their symptoms are only seen and experienced within that culture. An examples of a culture bound syndromes is Amok found in Malaysia. This CBS is where this is a dissociative episode featuring a period of brooding followed by an outburst of aggressive, violent or homicidal behaviour aimed at people and objects.   It seems to occur only among males, and is often precipitated by a perceived slight or insult.   It is often accompanied by persecutory ideas, automatism, amnesia or exhaustion, following which the individual returns to their pre-morbid state.   The victim, who is almost always a male between 20-45, has often experienced a loss of social status or a major life change.   It is now rare, and occurs primarily in rural regions. 4 Another culture bound syndrome would be Dhat which occurs in India. Dhat is defined as vague somatic symptoms of fatigue, weakness, anxiety, loss of appetite, guilt and sexual dysfunction attributed by the patient to loss of semen in nocturnal emissions, through urine and masturbation.   The anxiety related to semen loss can be traced back thousands of years to Ayurvedic texts, where the loss of a single drop of semen, the most precious body fluid, could destabilize the entire body. These examples of culture bound syndrome represent some syndromes are found in Asia. Culture bound syndromes also exist in Western society one of the most well known ones is anorexia. It is an eating disorder in which people intentionally starve themselves. It causes extreme weight loss, which the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), defines as at least 15 percent below the individuals normal body weight. Categorizing culture bound syndromes Culture bound syndromes have been categorised by McCajor Hall (1988) in the six following ways. The first way is that he believes that in order to be a culture bound syndrome, it must be a psychiatric illnesses that has not been originally caused and it must be recognised as an illness locally, however it must not be matched within a recognised category. The second way is that, it must be a psychiatric illness that has not been originally caused and is also recognised as an illness locally but it must also resemble a western category though it may lack some symptoms that are usually regarded as the important part within other cultures. The third way is just simply that the psychiatric illness has not yet been recognised in the west. The fourth way is that the psychiatric illness that is found in many cultures may be originally caused but must be only regarded as an illness in one or a few of the cultures. The fifth way is that the psychiatric illness is accepted culturally as a form of illness but it would still not be regarded as an acceptable illness in the mainstream of west ern medicine. The sixth way is that the psychiatric illness or syndrome supposedly occurring in a given culture, but in fact does not exist at all in reality but is used to justify the expulsion and execution of an outcast in the same way witchcraft was. Psychiatrist, Berry et al (1992) has argued that there are three types of syndromes. Firstly, absolute syndromes where the same symptom and incidence rates are found around the world. The second is universal syndromes where the same symptoms are found around the world but where the incidence rates may vary between culture to culture and lastly culturally relative syndromes where the symptoms are unique to a particular culture. However there remains speculation about the existence of culture bound syndromes, some psychologists take a universalist position and maintain they dont exist, whilst others take a relativist position and argue they do. Culture Bound syndromes do exist Culture bound syndromes are unique in their own way since it can only be seen within specific cultures. People who support this idea are psychologists like Pfeiffer and McCajor Hall. Hall believes that in order for a syndrome to be considered a culture bound syndrome, the syndrome itself must essentially be recognised by the locals of the specific culture and must be not known by another category like from the western culture. If it is recognised as or resembles a western mental illness, then the syndrome should at least have a few of its symptoms but not all. Pfeiffer has argued that culture bound syndromes might not be at home in the classification system such as the DSM IV. He believes that culture bound syndromes should be viewed at a level of the culture individually itself and not just from one specific place like the vantage point of Washington DC ( the home of the American Psychological Association) and believes that it is specific in the following four aspects. The first aspect is that he believes that cultures differ in those things that place people under unbearable stress, for example, in one culture it may be due to work, status or health issues while in another culture it may be due to family relations. The second aspect he proposed was that different cultures allow and ban certain expressions and behaviours and what might be permitted as a culturally acceptable release mechanism in certain cultures may perhaps not be allowed in others if they do not accept it. For example within some cultures, drinking alcohol is prohibited. Without this release mechanism certain frustrations may be expressed in certain ways that are disguised in cultures where drinking alcohol is viewed as a acceptable behaviour. Therefore a behaviour may be unique to that behaviour. The third aspect is that we may have culture- specific interpretations within us; this would mean that a behaviour is one thing, however what we take it to mean for ourselves and what sense we make from it, can be a totally different thing. An example of this would be that back in the past, certain women were discovered or rather accused of being witches because of culturally specific interpretations of their behaviour (Ussher 1992). The fourth aspect that Pfeiffer proposed was that we have not explored the variety of culturally specific ways of treating disorders, but folk medicine is a good example of the ways in which indigenous people treat their illnesses. Another good example would be that through western sciences, people can be cured from their illness like fever, cough and so on though the usage of drugs but in the Asian culture, the Chinese use natural sources such as herbs or use acupuncture to cure the same illness the western culture is curing but the only difference between the two cultures is the method that is being used. From this, if it is true that Culture bound syndromes are a form of folk illness that are to be treated by folk medicine, then this would mean that they are qualitatively inconsistent with the aims and purpose of the ICD and DSM. Though Pfeiffers view was different compared to Halls view, there are some similarities, and the most obvious one would be the fact that the syndrome is determined by the culture itself. This shows that both psychologists view believe that not every culture bound syndrome has to be under Western science and that it can be unique in its own way. Behaviours can be misunderstood and misinterpreted. What is considered normal in one culture may not be in another and vice versa. In a study in the early 1960s, Lee noted that out of a random sample of Zulu women more than a third had reported visual and auditory hallucinations involving angels, babies and little short hairy men. In the same study he found that more than half of the women engaged in screaming behaviour, often yelping for hours, days and even weeks. Either of these reported behaviours would be viewed as grossly abnormal in the west. Yet few of these women showed any other signs of mental disorder. Within their own culture their hallucinations and screaming were legitimate. Such a study shows that though not accepted globally, different societies have different morals and different beliefs. Zulus considered having hallucinations and screaming as acceptable and normal however such behaviours would be pathologised in the West. The opposite then can be true, behaviour can be deemed unacceptable or a mental illness if it violates a societys norms. Sam (1996) states that western psychological explanations dont account for all the experiences and behaviour of people from other cultures, psychology being western culture bound and blind to influences from elsewhere Culture-bound syndromes do not exist Yap (1974) has argued that human mental disorders are very broad and span across all culture and so it could be argued that the symptoms emerge from within the individual and these symptoms cluster together to form discrete categories of mental illness. The second point is that he believes comparative psychiatry aims to establish common links across cultures in a similar manner to the way in which comparative psychology explores links within humans which could be seen as culturally specific expressions of common human problems and disorders that are addressed by the ICD and the DSM. Yap also mentions that he believes that a CBS such as Latah is a local cultural expression of primary fear reaction. There are also other arguments which show that culture bound syndrome in fact do not exist. One example is that of Dhat, mentioned earlier. The British Journal of Psychiatryincludes a study called Culture-bound syndromes: the story of Dhat syndrome The study had two objectives; the first was to gather information on studies which were clinical and empirical about the syndrome called Dhat and to review the literature that was done. The second was to extract the information on historical data in different countries at different periods. The method in which they decided to do it was by manual literature searches and electronic literature searches in order to gain information. They did it on the existence and description of the semen-loss anxiety in different cultures and also settings. The result was that although Dhat syndrome usually came from Asia, the syndromes concepts, historically have been explained by other cultures in Britain, USA and Australia for example. This shows that fro m the sources gained, the symptoms show global prevalence of this condition, even though its mostly seen as a syndrome from the east. The conclusion they came up with was that It appears that  dhat  (semen-loss anxiety) is not  as culture-bound as previously thought. We propose that the  concept of culture-bound syndromes should be modified in line  with DSM-IV recommendations. Also when they were collecting and analysing the results they found out that semen loss anxiety in Western culture, Chinese culture and in the Indian subcontinent were the same and what their views on the loss of semen meant to them within the culture. In fact the historical information could be traced back to Aristotles time whilst on the Indian subcontinent this view could be found In Ayurvedic texts which are dated between the 5th millennium BC and the 7th century AD . This show that people think alike about same but its just called in different names. This is very significant as this supports wi th the universal idea where it is proposed that mental health disorders are universal and that culture bound syndromes are in fact just variations of the mental health disorders depending on what sort of symptoms they have. This supports the view that culture bound syndrome should not need a new diagnostic criteria due to it being variations as mentioned before. The British Journal of Psychiatryargues that the syndrome called taijin kyofusho from Japan is similar to the western category of social phobia. Both syndromes cause the patients to suffer an intensive fear about their bodies, body part or even body functions in which may be displeasing to other people. If we compare the syndrome taijin kyofusho with social phobia, both have symptoms like anxiety, although to different degrees, so we can say its the same syndrome or mental illness. Culture bound syndrome may in fact only be considered a syndrome for a specific culture in that it may not have all the symptoms from the western culture. Thomas Szasz an American psychologist also believed that the idea of culture bound syndromes existing is obsolete though he also believed that the idea of mental health disorders existing is also obsolete too. The idea on mental illnesses or mental health disorder in which Thomas Szasz has came up with is the idea in which that these dont really exist. He believed that these are just a myth as all the mental illnesses has no real evidence in which show they are a biological cause of mental illnesses. In a article about him by the new atlantis, Szasz mocked the efforts of almost every major American psychiatrist back to Benjamin Rush, the professions founding father. The subjects [mental diseases] have hitherto been enveloped in mystery, Rush wrote in the late eighteenth century. I have endeavored to bring them down to the level of all other diseases of the human body, and to show that the mind and the body are moved by the same causes and subject to the same laws. This was the error Szasz aimed to correct. This can be seen Within his The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct .It is a Thomas Szaszs classic book revolutionized thinking about the nature of the psychiatric profession and the moral implications of its practices. By diagnosing unwanted behavior as mental illness, psychiatrists, Szasz argues, absolve individuals of responsibility for their actions and instead blame their alleged illness. He also critiques Freudian psychology as a pseudoscience and warns against the dangerous overreach of psychiatry into all aspects of modern life. Thomas Szasz believes that psychiatry is just a social control system and not a truly medical science as he believed that psychiatry is nothing but just for people to deal with other peoples problems in living that has been troubling them in life on and on. Thomas Szasz also feels that psychiatry is nothing but a pseudo science that pretend its a medicine by using words in which would make psychiatry sound medical over the last century. From this Thomas Szasz show people that such ideas like mental health disorders and culture bound syndromes do not exist. Conclusion In conclusion, the culture bound syndromes do exist to some extent as people such as Yaps idea believe on the universal approach and believe that culture bound syndromes are just mental health disorders but just at a lower scale. Another psychologists who believe that culture bound doesnt exist is Thomas Szasz, though he also believes mental health disorders do not exists, his idea still nonetheless show it to be non-existence. However according to the article in the new Atlantic Szasz has been   passed into legend, bearing little resemblance to reality. At this time now Szasz is mostly remembered, if he is remembered at all, as the great silly, a flat-earth adherent in the time of telescopes and globes. Most medical students graduate without ever hearing his name. They believe that his believes and views are now obsolete and One can hardly be surprised if Szasz has assumed the role reserved for all failed revolutionaries. The British Journal of Psychiatryhave also done historical research on the culture bound syndrome Dhat where they looked at how the view of losing semen was approach. They found that the views were the same , where they all believed that semen are very precious and valuable and a undesirable trait. This show and supports the idea of universality where all mental health disorders exist everywhere and they are all the same. This shows that the culture bound syndrome Dhat was not really a culture bound syndrome and it could have been exaggerated. The journal has concluded within their research that since the Dhat syndrome is not really a culture bound syndrome they thought it would be, they suggested that the Dhat syndrome should modify its criteria along the lines which is similar to the DSM IV. This once again supports the universality idea. Unfortunately despite various arguments showing culture bound syndromes existence to be obsolete, there are still quite a few psychologists who have their own views and believes that show that that culture bound syndrome does in fact exist. A good example would be psychologist McCajor Halls believes. Hall believed that since culture bound syndromes are only present in specific cultures; he believed that so long a syndrome does not have all the symptoms that are from a western category it is indeed, a culture bound syndrome. McCajor Hall with his own views and ways lets people realize that, not all disorders or syndromes in fact have to be compared to western science nor does it have to be under a western category in mental health disorders and the syndromes can be in anywhere in different forms. The psychologist Pfeiffer also has his own views and believes strengthens the culture bound syndrome furthermore, saying that culture varies from one to another. Pfeiffer believed that one problem in one culture may not have the same problem in another culture and has mentioned that depending on the culture, behaviours can be only acceptable or unacceptable only according to their culture. From here we see that culture bound syndromes in fact do exists but not entirely and the extent in which it is exist may not be very high. What shows culture bound syndromes do exists, are from psychologists ideas such as Pfeiffer and Hall. Their views tells us that even though some culture bound syndromes may have similar symptoms from the western category on mental health disorders, it still is a culture bound syndrome. The reason for this is because the universal approach may lead to misdiagnosis. Also from Pfeiffers first point where one cultures problem is may not be the same as the other, we can see that in reality, its impossible to say that cultures all around the world have the same problem. This is quite true as there are a lot of mental health disorders in this world which have yet to be discovered and the psychologists and psychiatrists are yet at a level which can understand the human mind completely since its so complex. With this we can once again say that culture boun d syndromes exist.

Facility Planning Part I

Facility Planning-Part l When making plans to build or renovate a heath care facility there are a lot of things that must be taken into consideration. The first thing to start with is the community. The planner must evaluate the community to find out what type of community the facility is located in and if the facility is serving the needs of the community. This paper will take a look at a community in on the south side of Chicago and the new development of a long-term care facility in the community. It will discuss the community’s need for the long-term care facility. It will discuss the type of population the long-term care facility serves. It will also give a description of the long-term care facility serving the older adults in the community. Roseland is a large community located on the south side of Chicago, Illinois. It is a mixed community of all ethnics and ages. For the older adults it is not a community for them to live alone in. The community is flourishing with youths and with the youths came a rise in crime. Drugs and violence is running rapid, however, the older adults don’t want to leave their homes, their community, their known surroundings. Also affecting the community is the economy. With property taxes and the cost of living on the rise, it is a struggle for the older adults to maintain their independents. With these things coming against the aging adults, there came the need to place the aging adults some place safe and affordable without taken them out of the community. This need lead to the development of a supportive living community. There are more than 60 long-term care options. These services are divided into nine categories. Supportive living, also called assisted living, falls under the Housing category. Independent housing, continuing care retirement community, and group housing also falls under the Housing category of long-term care options. Supportive living services were uniquely developed for older adults who cannot function without help and consequently cannot be assisted in a residential-care or retirement-living facility. The cost for living in a supportive living community costs can range between $2,000 and $2,000, depending on the room size and amenities. There is an additional charge for medical services. This is the perfect service for older adults who need assistance but don’t require 24 hour monitoring or help. It is also perfect for the older adult who can’t afford to live on his or her own because of the cost of living. Victory Centre of Roseland is a Supportive Living Community by Pathway Senior Living. Victory Centre of Roseland is for those in need of some assistance with the activities of daily living. This facility has private studios with a resident call system and a step in shower. The staff provides three daily meals, medication management, housekeeping and laundry weekly, wellness programs, scheduled trips and activities, routine maintenance, all utilities except phone, cable, and internet, living room with fireplace, library, a dining room for family and private gatherings, courtyard garden with patio, community room with 50† TV, craft room with demonstration kitchen, beauty/barber shop, and a bathtique with whirlpool. It is also pet friendly. Making plans to renovate or build a facility takes a lot of work and planning. One of the main considerations is to take a look at the community and the needs of the people in the community. On the south side of Chicago, Illinois the Roseland community felt the need to establish a supportive living for the older adults who reside there. Out of this need came the development of Victory Centre of Roseland. Developed by Pathway Senior Living, this facility provides a safe, affordable place for the older adults to reside without living his or her community. This facility offers the comfort of home along with providing companionship and the security of 24-hour staffing, or assistance with life’s daily tasks. This community has everything an older adult needs to enjoy each day of his or her life to the fullest. It is conveniently located near shopping, medical offices, and transportation. This park-like ground, comfortably furnished community provides a haven from the hustle and bustle of the city in the city.